Emerging Role of Exosomal Secretory Pathway in Human Tumour Virus Pathogenesis.

Viruses are well known for their ability to hijack and manipulate the host cellular machinery to ensure immune evasion, viral survival and pathogenesis. Most animal viruses exhibit exclusive tropism and thus, infect only specific target cells. However, reports on the existence of virions and viral components in non-target cells suggest alternative mechanisms of viral spread. Studies on microvesicles and exosomes promise to provide justification for the presence of viruses at unrelated cell types. Exosomes have attracted the attention of not only cell biologists but also virologists as these vesicles can transport and deliver bioactive information (RNA, proteins, microRNA etc. including virus specific components from infected cells) to unrelated cell types and have the potential to regulate target cell function. Recent studies suggest that viruses can manipulate and hijack the exosome biogenesis and secretory pathway to manipulate the host microenvironment, evade immune response and increase viral accessibility. Here, we review the existing literature on viral interference and exploitation of exosome secretory mechanisms and correlate it with the increased virulence and spread of viruses in the host. Further, we discuss the prospects of exosomes as emerging biomarkers for virus induced pathology, potential of exosomes as delivery vehicles and also the new perspective to viral mediated pathogenesis.

A review on recent innovation in osmotically controlled drug delivery system.

In recent years, oral controlled release (CR) system is most acceptable dosage form by the patients. Drugs having short biological half-life and poor water solubility are the suitable candidate for development of CR system. They include dosage forms for oral and transdermal administration as well as injectable and implantable systems. For most of drugs, oral route remains as the most acceptable route of administration. Certain molecules may have low oral bioavailability because of solubility or permeability limitations. Development of an extended release dosage form also requires reasonable absorption throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Among the available techniques to improve the bioavailability of these drugs fabrication of osmotic drug delivery system is the most appropriate one. The release of drug(s) from osmotic systems follows zero order. It is mainly governed by various formulation factors such as solubility and osmotic pressure of the core component(s), size of the delivery orifice, and nature of the rate-controlling membrane. The present review highlights an overview of OCDDS. And new technologies, fabrication and recent clinical research in osmotic drug delivery. Further, the challenges of these technologies and its future perspective are also discussed at length.